Effect of sand training on the kinetics, amplitude of muscular electrical activity and body image in individuals with pronated feet

Fatollahi, Amir (2020) Effect of sand training on the kinetics, amplitude of muscular electrical activity and body image in individuals with pronated feet. Masters thesis, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.

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Abstract

Research Aim: Foot over pronation is one of the most important factors that causes to musculoskeletal injuries and leads to greater mechanical loads in the lower limb structure. Sand is an unstable and unpredictable surface that have special importance in human movement mechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sand training on the kinetics, amplitude of muscular electrical activity and body image in individuals with pronated feet. Research method: The present study was a randomized clinical trial type. Statistical samples of the present study included 15 males with foot over pronation in the control group and 15 males with foot over pronation in the intervention group. Individuals in the intervention group were performed sand surface training program consisted of continuous jogging, striding, bounding, galloping and short sprints during 8 weeks. Bertec force plate was used to measure the ground reaction force components. Lower limb muscles activity was evaluated by an 8-channel electromyography system with a surface electrode during walking and running. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis at the significant level P<0/05. Findings: Significant main effects of “time” were found for FzHC and FxHC during walking (p<0.002). Pair-wise comparisons revealed significantly lower FzHC (p=0.002) and FxHC (p=0.001) in the post-test compared with the pre-test during walking. Also significant main effects of “time” were found for FxHC, FxPO and FyHC during running (p<0.023). Pair-wise comparisons revealed significantly lower FxHC (p<0.001) and FyHC (p=0.023) and larger FxPO (p=0.003) in the post-test compared with the pre-test during running. With regards to EMG activity, statistically significant main effects of “time” were found for TA and VL activities during walking (p<0.049). Pair-wise comparisons revealed significantly greater TA (p=0.046) and VL (p=0.049) activities in the post-test compared with the pre-test during walking. We find significant group by time interactions for Glut-M and Gas-M activity during running (p<0.041). In the experimental group but not the control group, significantly higher Glut-M (p=0.028) and Gas-M (p=0.041) activities were found after training on sand during running. On the other hand, pair-wise comparisons revealed a significantly lower impulse z (p=0.031), peak negative free moment amplitude (p=0.034) and vertical loading rate (p=0.037) in the post-test compared with the pre-test during walking. Also, pair-wise comparisons revealed a significantly lower peak positive free moment amplitude (p=0.001) in the post-test compared with the pre-test during running. The statistical analyses did not demonstrate any significant main effects of “time”, “group” and group by time interactions for body image components after training on sand (p>0.05). Conclusion: The observed significant lower ground reaction forces, free moment amplitudes, impulses and vertical loading rates and greater muscular electrical activity after training on sand may help individuals with foot over pronation to improving pronation and reduce injuries while waking and running. However, this needs to be verified in future studies.

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