Influence of shoe ageing on ground reaction forces and lower limb muscles frequency spectrum during translational movements

Jafarnezhadgero, AmirAli Influence of shoe ageing on ground reaction forces and lower limb muscles frequency spectrum during translational movements. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.

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Abstract

Background & Purpose: Shoe age is an important factor that may play a role in the influence of footwear on injuries. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of walking with new shoes versus walking with worn ones on ground reaction forces (GRFs) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected lower limb muscles in GV individuals compared with healthy controls. Methodology: Thirty controls aged 24.26±3.51 years and 30 GV individuals aged 23.13±2.89 years were enrolled in this study. Participants walked at preferred speed and in randomized order with new and worn shoes. A force plate was included in the walkway to collect GRFs. Muscle activities were recorded using EMG. Results: Finding demonstrated significant main effect of shoe on frequency content for vastus medialis during stance phase, for tibialis anterior during loading response and push off phases, and for medial gastrocnemius during push off phase. Moreover, findings demonstrated significant main effect of group on frequency content for tibialis anterior during push off and swing phases. Significant main effects of “footwear” were found for RF activity during loading (P<0.001, d=0.69), mid stance (P=0.003, d=0.41) and push off (P=0.006, d=1.112) phases, pair-wise comparisons showed that the activity of RF when walking with worn shoes during loading, mid stance and push off was lower than new shoes. Irrespective of the group, lower VL activity was observed when walking with worn shoes during loading response (P=0.008; d=0.41) and deceleration (P=0.028; d=0.25). Significant main effects of “footwear” were found for Glut-Med activity during loading (P=0.021, d=0.30), mid stance (P=0.031; d=0.40) phases. Pair-wise comparisons showed that activity of Glut-Med when walking with worn shoes was lower during loading phase and higher during mid stance phase. Significant main effects of “footwear” were found for TA (P<0.001; d=0.26) and BF (P=0.001; d=0.77) activities during the loading and deceleration phases, respectively. Pair-wise comparisons showed that activity of TA was lower and activity of BF was higher when walking with worn shoes during the loading and deceleration phases, respectively. Furthermore, significant main effects of “footwear” were found on FxHC, FxPO, FyHC, FyPO, FzHC, FzMS, FzPO, TTPFxPO, TTPFyPO, TTPFzHC, TTPFzMS and TTPFzPO (P<0.050; d=0.752-2.124). Pair-wise comparisons indicated that FxPO (P<0.001; d=1.61), FyHC (P<0.001; d=0.62), FyPO (P=0.015; d=0.31), FzHC (P<0.001; d=0.62) and FzPO (P=0.005; d=0.32) values were lower when walking with worn shoes than when walking with new shoes. It was observed that FxHC (P=0.036; d=0.35) and FzMS (P<0.001; d=0.76) values during walking with worn shoes were higher compared with new ones. With regards to time to peak values, pair-wise comparisons indicated that TTPFxPO (P=0.049; d=0.43), TTPFyPO (P<001; d=0.67), TTPFzHC (P=0.001; d=0.70), TTPFzMS (P<0.001; d=0.63) and TTPFzPO (P<0.001; d=0.56) were higher while walking with worn shoes. Finally, The values of vertical impulse and loading rate when walking with worn shoes compared with new ones were higher and lower, respectively.

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