The inhibition effect of some essential oils and nanocamposites and one Trichoderma species on some important Fusarium species

Enayati, Samire (2020) The inhibition effect of some essential oils and nanocamposites and one Trichoderma species on some important Fusarium species. Masters thesis, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.

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Abstract

Research Aim: To achieve sustainable agriculture, using the new methods and modern sciences is necessary. Fusarium is an important phytopathogenic fungal genus that has a broad hast range. F. graminearum (causal agent of wheat head blight), F. verticillioides (causal agent of maize Ear rot), F. brasilicum (causal agent of barley head blight), F. oxysporum (causal agent of tomato and lentis wilt) are the important phytopathogenic species. In this study, due to evaluation of antifungal effects of the medicinal plant essential oils (EOs), their inhibition on mycelial growth of fungi alone and in combination of nanoparticle-carrying system as well as nanoparticle (NM) was investigated. For this purpose, after preparing and reviewing the properties of EOs, NMs, (ZnO / EO (Zm)), (ZnO / EO (Ls)) nanocamposites and antagonistic fungi, their inhibitory effects on six important pathogenic Fusarium isolates were evaluated in vitro. Research method: To investigate the inhibitory effect of EOs on mycelial growth of phytopathogenic and antagonist fungi, EOs of Z. multiflora, Nepeta sp., Lavandula stoechas, L. officinalis and Artemisia dracunculus were extracted by distillation with water in Clevenger instrument and their chemical components were evaluated using a GC-MS device. The experiments were performed in six concentrations (0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1000 μl / L) with three replications by mixing with the PDA culture medium. Also, the effect of one nanomaterial (ZnO) and two nanocomposites (ZnO / EO (Z.m) and ZnO / EO (L.s)) on the Fusarium and Trichoderma species in the above six concentrations was investigated with three replications. The properties of nanocomposites prepared by SEM, BET, FT-IR, TGA, EDX, XRD, and DLS devices were studied. Z. multiflora EO was used to bind to zinc oxide nanomaterials by four methods: ultrasonic, reflux, microwave, and hydrothermal. Also, the inhibitory effect of the growth of six Fusarium isolates by two species of Trichoderma (T. harzianum UM334 and T. viride T125) was investigated by two methods, dual culture and the effect of antagonist volatile compounds. The inhibitory percentage of fungal growth in all experiments was calculated using the Abbot formula. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS software version 24 and Minitab software version 18, and the graphs were plotted with 2016 Excel software. Findings: The results of chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis showed that thymol and carvacrol are the main components of Z. multiflora EO and nepetalactone and 8,1-cineole are the main components of L. stoechas EO. The results showed that Z. multiflora EO has the highest effect and A. dracunculus EO has the least effect on the mycelial growth of the studied fungi. The results also showed that Z. multiflora EO attached to ZnO had the greatest effect on the growth of Fusarium isolates and two antagonist fungi. Also, the effect of ZnO / EO (Z.m) was higher than pure ZnO and EO. TGA and FT-IR techniques confirmed the presence of plant EO molecules associated with zinc oxide. The interaction of T. viride on Fusarium isolates by dual culture was also better than T. harzianum. Conclusion: In this study, among the EOs, NMs and nanocomposites, ZnO / EO (Z.m) inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium species at a concentration of 1000 ppm due to the suitable spatial shape of ZnO, very small particle size and increasing distribution surface. Also, the results of growth inhibition by two species of Trichoderma against the Fusarium isolates by two methods, showed that T. viride in dual culture method act better than second one. According to the current findings, the ZnO-EO nanocomposite can be considered as a bio-rational and efficient alternative to conventional chemical fungicides after additional researches.

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